account

As we said back in our Payables Accounting column -- "Inventory (products bought for resale, materials bought to manufacture products to be sold, etc., can't be expensed until sold --- and in the meantime are accounted in an inventory asset-account, e.g., payable/amt- inventory/amt+". So we got materials into the inventory account through payables. How do we get them out? That's the job of inventory accounting.

If you're doing just custom jobs, where you're buying materials strictly for that job -- like a residential custom builder -- you could use a "percent completion" method. You buy the materials to a job-number and account your labor to the job-number -- accumulating them in an inventory account -- and then periodically expense them according to the percent the job is complete, inventory/amt- cost-of-sales/amt+. When the job is 100% complete, all of your costs for that job have been expensed, and no more sits in inventory.

With the advent of distributed networks and systems, network/systems management had become a very difficult task for administration staff. It was exceedingly difficult and time consuming to manage each device that made up a system individually, even if they were from the same vendor. The overhead required to configure and maintain systems, as well as the risks of mis-configuration were quite high. It was also hard to store all network device setups and connections in a simple to manage way.
What is an Element Management System (EMS)?

An Element Management System consists of the systems and applications that are concerned with managing one or more physical devices that make up a system. It allows these often distributed nodes or network elements to be managed in a unified way using one management system.

In any distributed system, there are often many devices that are performing the same, albeit complex, functions. With structuring and grouping the elements, they become easier to manage, since rather than having to address each element individually, it is far easier to manage the system as one entity, or groups of entities. This also allows system designers to easily gain access/talk the language of disparate elements from multiple vendors using widely understood protocols like SNMP.

With the advent of distributed networks and systems, network/systems management had become a very difficult task for administration staff. It was exceedingly difficult and time consuming to manage each device that made up a system individually, even if they were from the same vendor. The overhead required to configure and maintain systems, as well as the risks of mis-configuration were quite high. It was also hard to store all network device setups and connections in a simple to manage way.
What is an Element Management System (EMS)?

An Element Management System consists of the systems and applications that are concerned with managing one or more physical devices that make up a system. It allows these often distributed nodes or network elements to be managed in a unified way using one management system.

In any distributed system, there are often many devices that are performing the same, albeit complex, functions. With structuring and grouping the elements, they become easier to manage, since rather than having to address each element individually, it is far easier to manage the system as one entity, or groups of entities. This also allows system designers to easily gain access/talk the language of disparate elements from multiple vendors using widely understood protocols like SNMP.

BALANCESHEET IS THE LAST PROCESS OF FINAL ACCOUNT.IT IS THE MAIN PARTS OF ACCOUNTING.

Hai im V.K.Tanseer Shadab,M.com,DEE,DCE,ICWA,MBA,MCA..
my E-mail:vktanseer_shadab@yahoo.com


I will try to explain in brief you about
Cost A/c (V/s) Finacial A/c that may more exhausted to you.

(A) STATUTORY OBLIGATION
Their is no any Statutory Obligation indeed to maintain
such A/c for maintain CostA/c.
In case of Finacial A/c its Statutory Obligation,several
Acts has governs like INDIAN COMPANIES ACT 1956, INSURANCE
COMPANIES ACT, INDIAN INDUSTRIAL ACT etc.


(B) ADMINISTRATIVE PURPOSE
For Administrative concern its may irrelevant to them.for
maintaining the Cost A/c.
But in Case of Financial A/c its fetch the real fair of
the business during the year.

(C) MANAGEMENT PURPOSE
Maintaing of  systematic Cost A/c its a seems to be a
vigilance Management (in short effective Management).
Though they maintain the Finacial A/c its a bounded
duties of the Managemet.


(D) COVEREGE
Cost A/c may cover its some specific areas,like
Manufacturing,Production,Purchasing etc.
The Financial A/c may cover as a Whole of the Organisation
right from Raw material purchased to Sold of Goods.

(E) APPOINTMENT OF AUDITURE
For Cost A/c appointment of Auditore is optional
one.those who aware of A/c they may can handle such A/c.
In case of Financial A/c Auditore must be Appointed as
per the insists of several ACTs like INCOME TAX ACT
1961,INDIAN COMPANIES ACT 1956 etc,(AUDITURE means he/she
must be CA i.e showed qualified Chartered Accountant.

(F) INSURANCE AUTHORITIES
Insurance Authorities they may go through the Cost
A/c ,because they may know that its internal A/c which
disclosed the real facts of the business.
Though they may go through the Financial A/c  randomly.

(G)PURPOSE
Cost A/c is maintains for to reveal the real facts of
business normally its may go through by the internal
Managerial persons.
As we discuss in earlier its Statutory Obligatory
one,apart from that the outsider eagerly wanted to view the
status of the firm During the specific period of time.like
Investor,Tax Authorities,Bankers (for Credit Grant(OD)over
draft),Financer,Debenture Holders etc..

(H)TREATMENT
Cost A/c can disclose the real facts of the firm without
hiding any point, because its maintain by internally ie.
(Management)in short its seems Net Result.
Financial A/c treat in such a way that real facts of firm
may not be reveal for eg:(i)Every Year Depreciation is to
be deducted as treating as loss But as per management
concern its falls on the Business it self. eg(ii)Specific
Reserves may not shown in the Balance Sheet of Final A/c
of Finacial A/c. but in Cost A/c all such Reserved are
Displayed.Hence it Shows the Gross Result.

(I)DECISION MAKING
For Decison Making purpose Cost A/c is a Vital A/c to take
the Managerial Decision.
Though Financial A/c its some how need to take Decision but
not upto the Cost A/c.

(J)APPRAISAL
Cost A/c can fetch the NON MONETARY aspects like
performance of a indivial, Work Experience etc because its
focus on specific areas.
In case of Financial A/c its fully focused on MONETARY
aspects only financial transaction are carried out.

(K)METHODOLOGY
Their is no any Specific Methodology is to be followed,it
may depend upon the internal persons based on their
convinince they may follow the rules like Single Entry Rule
or Double Entry Rule etc.
As far as Financial A/c concern,its advice to follow the
Double Entry System it may follows some sort of rules like
Banks they may have the seperate format to build the A/c.

(L)ACCOUNTING YEAR
For Cost A/c their is no any hard or fast rules to follow
the Accounting year to Opening & Closing of A/c
Accounting year means 12month report sarts from 1st date of
April to 31st of April will be treated as Accounting year.
its may continued years together.
In case of Financial A/c it will be closed(Accounting Year)

THANKING YOU
feel free to ask any Clarification at any point or any
subject it may A/c 0r Commerce 0r Electrical & Electronics
0r in Computer Related Both Hardware & Software concern.

                           Hope you may response
   
                  my E-mail:vktanseer_shadab@yahoo.com

Management accounting or managerial accounting is concerned with the provisions and use of accounting information to managers within organizations, to provide them with the basis to make informed business decisions that will allow them to be better equipped in their management and control functions.

In contrast to financial accountancy information, management accounting information is:

• designed and intended for use by managers within the organization, instead of being intended for use by shareholders, creditors, and public regulators;
• usually confidential and used by management, instead of publicly reported;
• forward-looking, instead of historical;
• computed by reference to the needs of managers, often using management information systems, instead of by reference to general financial accounting standards.

• 1 Definition
• 2 Traditional vs. innovative practices
• 3 Role within a corporation
  • 3.1 An alternative view
• 4 Specific concepts
  • 4.1 Cost accounting
  • 4.2 Grenzplankostenrechnung (GPK)
  • 4.3 Lean accounting (accounting for lean enterprise)
  • 4.4 Resource consumption accounting (RCA)
  • 4.5 Throughput accounting
  • 4.6 Transfer pricing
• 5 Resources and continuous learning
• 6 Management accounting tasks/ services provided
• 7 Related qualifications
• 8 Methods
• 9 See also
• 10 References
• 11 External links

MODULE - 6B
Elementary Cost Accounting
Notes
121
Cost Sheet
ACCOUNTANCY
You are running a factory which manufactures electronic toys. You incur
expenses on raw material, labour and other expenses which can be directly
attibuted to cost and which cannot be directly attributed but are incurred
upto their sales. You need to know the composition of cost at different
stages. This will help you in the analysis of cost of a product so that same
can be used for its proper management. In this lesson you will learn about
cost sheet and its various components.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to:
state the meaning and type of Cost Sheet;
state the importance of Cost Sheet;
explain the components of total cost;
prepare the cost sheet as per format.
29.1 COST SHEET : MEANING AND ITS IMPORTANCE
Cost sheet is a statement, which shows various components of total cost
of a product. It classifies and analyses the components of cost of a product.
Previous periods data is given in the cost sheet for comparative study. It
is a statement which shows per unit cost in addition to Total Cost. Selling
price is ascertained with the help of cost sheet. The details of total cost
presented in the form of a statement is termed as Cost sheet. Cost sheet
is prepared on the basis of :
1. Historical Cost 2. Estimated Cost
29
COST SHEET
ACCOUNTANCY
MODULE - 6B
Notes
Cost Sheet
Elementary Cost Accounting
122
Historical Cost
Historical Cost sheet is prepared on the basis of actual cost incurred. A
statement of cost prepared after incurring the actual cost is called Historical
Cost Sheet.
Estimated Cost
Estimated cost sheet is prepared on the basis of estimated cost. The
statement prepared before the commencement of production is called
estimated cost sheet. Such cost sheet is useful in quoting the tender price
of a job or a contract.
Importance of Cost Sheet
The importance of cost sheet is as follows:
Cost ascertainment
The main objective of the cost sheet is to ascertain the cost of a product.
Cost sheet helps in ascertainment of cost for the purpose of determining
cost after they are incurred. It also helps to ascertain the actual cost or
estimated cost of a Job.
Fixation of selling price
To fix the selling price of a product or service, it is essential to prepare the
cost sheet. It helps in fixing selling price of a product or service by providing
detailed information of the cost.
Help in cost control
For controlling the cost of a product it is necessary for every manufacturing
unit to prepare a cost sheet. Estimated cost sheet helps in the control of
material cost, labour cost and overheads cost at every point of production.
Facilitates managerial decisions
It helps in taking important decisions by the management such as: whether
to produce or buy a component, what prices of goods are to be quoted in
the tender, whether to retain or replace an existing machine etc.
MODULE - 6B
Elementary Cost Accounting
Notes
123
Cost Sheet
ACCOUNTANCY
INTEXT QUESTIONS 29.1
I. State the meaning of cost sheet.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
II. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
(i) Cost sheet classifies and analyses the ............... of cost of a
product.
(ii) ............... is ascertained with the help of cost sheet.
(iii) ............... Cost sheet is prepared on the basis of actual cost
incurred.
(iv) Cost sheet also helps to ascertain the actual cost or ............... cost
of a job.
(v) Cost sheet helps in fixing ............... of products or services by
providing detailed cost information.
(vi) ............... cost sheet helps in the control of material cost of a
product/service.
29.2 COMPONENTS OF TOTAL COST
The Components of cost are shown in the classified and analytical form
in the cost sheet. Components of total cost are as follows:
Prime Cost
It consists of direct material, direct wages and direct expenses. In other
words “Prime cost represents the aggregate of cost of material consumed,
productive wages, and direct expenses”. It is also known as basic, first, flat
or direct cost of a product.
Prime Cost = Direct material + Direct Wages + Direct expenses
Direct material means cost of raw material used or consumed in production.
It is not necessary that all the material purchased in a particular period is
used in production. There is some stock of raw material in balance at
opening and closing of the period. Hence, it is necessary that the cost of
opening and closing stock of material is adjusted in the material purchased.
Opening stock of material is added and closing stock of raw material is
deducted in the material purchased and we get material consumed or used
in production of a product. It is calculated as :
Material Consumed = Material purchased + Opening stock of material
– Closing stock of material.
ACCOUNTANCY
MODULE - 6B
Notes
Cost Sheet
Elementary Cost Accounting
124
Illustration 1
Calculate prime cost from the following particulars for a production unit:
Rs.
Cost of material purchased 30,000
Opening stock of material 6,000
Closing stock of material 4,000
Wages paid 3,000
Rent of hire of a special machine for production 5,000
Solution:
Statement showing Prime Cost
Details Amount
(Rs.)
Direct Material: Material Consumed
Opening stock of material 6,000
Add : Material Purchased 30,000
Material available for consumption 36,000
Less : Closing stock of material 4,000
Material consumed 32,000
Direct Labour : Wages 3,000
Direct Expenses: Rent of hire a special machine 5,000
Prime cost 40,000
Factory Cost
In addition to prime cost it includes works or factory overheads. Factory
overheads consist of cost of indirect material, indirect wages, and indirect
expenses incurred in the factory. Factory cost is also known as works cost,
production or manufacturing cost.
Factory Cost = Prime cost + Factory overheads
MODULE - 6B
Elementary Cost Accounting
Notes
125
Cost Sheet
ACCOUNTANCY
Illustration 2
Calculate factory cost from the following particulars:
Rs.
Material consumed 60,000
Productive wages 20,000
Direct Expenses 5,000
Consumable stores 2,000
Oil grease/Lubricating 500
Salary of a factory manager 6,000
Unproductive wages 1,000
Factory rent 2,000
Repair and Depreciation on Machine 600
Solution:
Statement showing Factory cost
Details Amount
(Rs.)
Direct Material: Material Consumed 60,000
Direct Labour: Productive wages 20,000
Direct Expenses 5,000
Prime cost 85,000
Add : Factory overheads
Indirect Material:
Consumable stores 2,000
Oil grease/lubricants 500 2,500
Indirect Labour:
Unproductive wages 1,000
Salary of a factory Manager 6,000 7,000
Indirect Expenses:
Factory rent 2,000
Repair and Depreciation on Machine 600 2,600
Factory cost 97,100
ACCOUNTANCY
MODULE - 6B
Notes
Cost Sheet
Elementary Cost Accounting
126
Adjustment for stock of work-in-progress
In the process of production, some units remain to be completed at the end
of a period. These incomplete units are known as work-in-progress.
Normally, the cost of incomplete units include direct material, direct Labour,
direct expenses, and average factory overheads. Hence, at the time of
computing factory cost, it is necessary to make adjustment of opening and
closing stock of work in progress to arrive at the net Factory cost/works
cost.
Illustration 3
From the following information calculate the works cost.
Rs.
Direct material 80,000
Direct Labour 22,000
Direct Expenses 5,000
Factory overheads 12,000
Work-in-progress: Opening stock 13,000
Closing stock 7,000
Solution:
Statement showing Factory cost
Details Amount
(Rs.)
Direct Material: Material Consumed 80,000
Direct Labour: Productive wages 22,000
Direct Expenses 5,000
Prime cost 1,07,000
Factory overheads 12,000
Factory Cost (Gross) 1,19,000
Add: Opening stock of work-in-progress 13,000
1,32,000
Less: Closing stock of work-in-progress 7,000
Works or Factory cost (Net) 1,25,000
MODULE - 6B
Elementary Cost Accounting
Notes
127
Cost Sheet
ACCOUNTANCY
INTEXT QUESTIONS 29.2
Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
(i) The Component of cost shown in the ................ and ................ form
is the cost sheet.
(ii) Prime cost is also known as ................ first, flat or ................ cost of
a job.
(iii) Material Consumed = Material purchased + ................ – Closing stock
of material.
(iv) Factory cost is also known as works cost, ................ or manufacturing
cost.
(v) Some units are not completed in process, they are known as ................
29.3 TOTAL COST AND COST SHEET
If office and administrative overheads are added to factory or works cost,
total cost of production is arrived at. Hence the total cost of production is
calculated as:
Total Cost of production = Factory Cost + office and administration
overheads
Illustration 4
From the following information calculate the total cost of production
Rs.
Direct material 90,000
Direct Labour 32,000
Direct Expenses 9,000
Factory overheads 25,000
Office and administration overheads 18,000
ACCOUNTANCY
MODULE - 6B
Notes
Cost Sheet
Elementary Cost Accounting
128
Solution:
Statement showing total cost of production
Details Amount
(Rs.)
Direct Material: Material Consumed 90,000
Direct Labour: Productive wages 32,000
Direct Expenses 9,000
PRIME COST 1,31,000
Factory overheads 25,000
FACTORY COST 1,56,000
Office and administration overheads 18,000
TOTAL COST OF PRODUCTION 1,74,000
Cost of goods sold
It is not necessary, that all the goods produced in a period are sold in the
same period. There is stock of finished goods in the opening and at the end
of the period. The cost of opening stock of finished goods is added in the
total cost of production in the current period and cost of closing stock of
finished goods is deducted. The cost of goods sold is calculated as:
Cost of goods sold = Total cost of production + Opening stock of
Finished goods – Closing stock of finished goods
Illustration 5
From the following information calculate the cost of goods sold.
Rs.
Total Cost of Production 1,22,000
Opening stock of finished goods 12,000
Closing stock of finished goods 16,000
Solution:
Cost of goods sold = Cost of Production + Opening stock of Finished
goods - closing stock of Finished goods
Cost of goods sold = Rs.1,22,000 + 12,000 – 16,000 = Rs.1,18,000
MODULE - 6B
Elementary Cost Accounting
Notes
129
Cost Sheet
ACCOUNTANCY
Total Cost i.e, Cost of Sales
If selling and distribution overheads are added to the total cost of
production, total cost is arrived at. This cost is also termed as cost of Sales.
Hence the total cost is calculated as:
Total Cost = Cost of Goods sold + Selling and distribution overheads
Illustration 6
From the following information calculate the total cost.
Rs.
Direct material 1,60,000
Direct Labour 52,000
Direct Expenses 19,000
Factory overheads 45,000
Office and administration overheads 28,000
Selling and distribution overheads 33,000
Solution:
Statement showing total cost
Details Amount
(Rs.)
Direct Material: 1,60,000
Direct Labour: 52,000
Direct Expenses 19,000
PRIME COST 2,31,000
Factory overheads 45,000
FACTORY COST 2,76,000
Office and administration overheads 28,000
TOTAL COST OF PRODUCTION 3,04,000
Selling and distribution overheads 33,000
Total cost = cost of sales 3,27,000
Sales
If the profit margin is added to the total cost, sales are arrived at. Excess
of sales over total cost is termed as profit. When total cost exceeds sales,
it is termed as Loss.
Sales = Total Cost + Profit
ACCOUNTANCY
MODULE - 6B
Notes
Cost Sheet
Elementary Cost Accounting
130
Sometimes profit is calculated on the basis of given information in
percentage of cost or sales. In such a situation, the amount is assumed 100
in which the percentage is calculated. Then the Profit is calculated in the
following ways:
Case 1
If Cost is Rs.10,000 and profit on cost 10%. Assume the cost is Rs.100 and
profit on cost is Rs.10. Hence Profit on cost of Rs.10,000 is
10,000 × 10/100 = Rs.1,000
Thus the sales value is Rs 11000 (10,000 + 1000)
Case 2
If Cost is Rs.10,800 and profit on sales price is 10%. Assume sales price
is Rs.100. cost price is Rs.90 [i.e. Rs.100 – Rs.10]. When profit on cost
of Rs.90 is Rs.10. Hence profit on cost of Rs.10,800 is
10,800 × 10/90 = Rs.1,200
10,800 + 1200 = 12,000 sales value
Case 3
If sales price is Rs.12,100 and profit on cost is 10%. Assume Cost price
is Rs.100. Sales price is Rs.110 [i.e.100 + 10]. If sales price is Rs.110, profit
is Rs.10. Profit on sales price of Rs.12,100 is
12,100 × 10/110 = Rs.1,100 profit
Illustration 7
From the following information, calculate the value of goods sold.
Rs.
Total Cost of Production 1,45,000
Opening stock of finished goods 22,000
Closing stock of finished goods 6,000
Selling and distribution overheads 25,000
Profit 22,000
MODULE - 6B
Elementary Cost Accounting
Notes
131
Cost Sheet
ACCOUNTANCY
Solution
Statement showiniz Sales
Details Amount
(Rs.)
Total cost of production 1,45,000
Add : Opening stock of finished goods 22,000
1,67,000
Less Closing stock of finished goods 6,000
Cost of Goods sold 1,61,000
Selling and distribution overheads 25,000
Total Cost 1,86,000
Profit 22,000
Sales 2,08,000
There is no prescribed format of a Cost sheet. It may change from industry
to industry. A specimen format of a Cost Sheet is given as under:
Particulars Total (Rs.)
A. Materials Consumed :
Purchases ..............
Add : Opening Stock of Raw material ..............
Expenses on Purchases ..............
Less : Closing Stock of Raw Material ..............
Direct Material consumed .............. ..............
B. Direct Labour (Wages) ..............
C. Direct Expenses ..............
D. Prime Cost (A + B + C) ..............
E. Factory/Works Overheads ..............
Add : Opening Stock of Work-in-Progress ..............
Less : Closing Stock of Work-in-Progress ..............
F. Works/Factory Cost (D + E) ..............
G. Office and administration overheads ..............
ACCOUNTANCY
MODULE - 6B
Notes
Cost Sheet
Elementary Cost Accounting
132
H. Total Cost of Production (F + G) ..............
Add : Opening Stock of finished Goods ..............
Cost of Goods available for sale ..............
Less : Closing Stock of finished Goods ..............
I. Cost of production of goods Sold or cost of good sold ..............
J. Selling and Distribution Overheads ..............
K. Total Cost (I + J) = Cost of Sales ..............
L. Profit ..............
M. Sales (K + L) ..............
Preparation of cost sheet
The various components of cost explained above are presented in the form
of a statement. Such a statement of cost consists of prime cost, works cost,
cost of production of goods, cost of goods sold, total cost and sales and
is termed as cost sheet. The Preparation of a cost sheet can be understood
with the help of following illustration:
Illustration 8
From the following information, prepare a cost sheet for period ended on
31st March 2006.
Rs.
Opening stock of raw material 12,500
Purchases of raw material 1,36,000
Closing stock of raw material 8,500
Direct wages 54,000
Direct expenses 12,000
Factory overheads 100% of direct wages
Office and administrative overheads 20% of works cost
Selling and distribution overheads 26,000
Cost of opening stock of finished goods 12,000
Cost of Closing stock of finished goods 15,000
Profit on cost 20%
MODULE - 6B
Elementary Cost Accounting
Notes
133
Cost Sheet
ACCOUNTANCY
Solution:
Cost sheet
Details Amount
(Rs.)
Direct Material : Material consumed 12500
Opening ‘stock of raw material 136000
Add: Purchases 148500
Less: Closing stock of raw material 8500 1,40,000
Direct wages 54,000
Direct expenses 12,000
Prime cost 2,06,000
Factory overheads: 100% of direct wages 54,000
(i.e. 100
54000
100
× F
HG
I
KJ
Works cost 2,60,000
Office and administrative overheads
20% of works cost, (2,60,000 × 20/100 52,000
Total cost of production 3,12 000
Add : opening stock of finished goods 12,000
Cost of Goods available for sale 3,24,000
Less : Closing stock of finished goods 15,000
Cost of goods sold 3,09,000
Selling and distribution overheads 26,000
Total Cost = cost of sales 3,35,000
Profit (20% On Cost i.e. 3,35,00 × 20/100) 67,000
Sales 4,02,000
Illustration 9
The following information is given to you from which you are required to
prepare Cost Sheet for the period ended on 31St march 2006:
ACCOUNTANCY
MODULE - 6B
Notes
Cost Sheet
Elementary Cost Accounting
134
Consumable material: Rs.
Opening stock 20,000
Purchases 1,22,000
Closing stock 10,000
Direct wages 36,000
Direct Expenses 24,000
Factory overheads 50 % of direct wages
Office and administration overheads 20% of works cost
Selling and distribution expenses Rs.3 per unit sold
Units of finished goods
In hand at the beginning of the period (Value Rs. 12500) 500
Units produced during the period 12,000
In hand at the end of the period 1,500
Find out the selling price per unit if 20% profit on selling price. There is
no work-in-progress either at the beginning or at the end of the period.
Solution:
Cost Sheet for the period ended on 31st March 2006 (output 12000units)
Particulars Total cost Cost per
unit
Material Consumed:
Opening Stock 20000
Add: Purchases 122000
142000
Less: Closing Stock 10000
Cost of raw material consumed 132,000 132000 11.00
Direct wages 36000 3.00
Direct Expenses 24000 2.00
Prime Cost 192000 16.00
Factory Overheads
50% of Direct Wages (i.e. 12000 × 1.50) 18000 1.50
Works/Factory overheads 210000 17.50
Office overheads
20% of works cost 42000 3.50
Total Cost of production 252000 21.00
MODULE - 6B
Elementary Cost Accounting
Notes
135
Cost Sheet
ACCOUNTANCY
Add: Opening stock of finished goods (500 units @ 25) 12500
Cost of goods available for sale (12000 + 500) 264500
Less : Closing stock of Finished goods @ 21per 31500
unit (1500 units)
Cost of goods sold (12500 – 1500 = 11000 units) 233000 21.18
Add: Selling & Distribution overheads @ per unit 330001 3.00
Cost of Sales 266000 24.18
Add: Profit 20% On Selling Price i.e. 25% of cost of sales 66500 6.04
Sales 266000
25
100
× F
HG
I
KJ 332500 30.22
INTEXT QUESTIONS 29.3
Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
(i) ...................... is also termed as administrative cost or total cost of
production.
(ii) Cost of production of goods sold = ...................... + opening stock
of Finished goods – closing stock of finished goods
(iii) Total cost is also termed as ......................
(iv) If profit is added to the total cost ...................... are arrived at.
(v) Sales = ...................... + Profit.
WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT
Cost Sheet: Meaning :
Cost sheet is a statement, which shows various components of total cost
of a particular product. Cost sheet is prepared on the basis of :
Historical Cost
Estimated Cost
The importance of cost sheet is follows:
Cost ascertainment
Fixation of selling price
ACCOUNTANCY
MODULE - 6B
Notes
Cost Sheet
Elementary Cost Accounting
136
Help in cost control
Facilitates managerial decisions
Components of Total Cost
Prime Cost = Direct material + Direct Wages + Direct expenses works/
factory cost;
Factory Cost = Prime cost + Factory overheads
Cost of production/office cost = Factory Cost + office and administration
overheads
Cost of production of goods sold = Cost of Production + Opening stock
of Finished’ goods – closing stock of finished goods
Total Cost = Cost of Production of goods sold + Selling and distribution
overheads
Sales = Total Cost + Profit
The various components of cost explained above are presented in the
form of a statement.
TERMINAL QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by cost sheet? Explain the importance of Cost Sheet.
2. Define various components of total cost.
3. Compute the cost of material consumed from the following data:
Opening stock of raw material Rs.9,000
Purchases of raw material Rs.1,27,000
Closing stock of raw material Rs.12,000
4. Compute Prime cost from the data given below:
Rs.
Direct Material 1,80,000
Expenses on purchases 20,000
Rent of special machine taken on hire for production 40,000
Productive wages 65,000
MODULE - 6B
Elementary Cost Accounting
Notes
137
Cost Sheet
ACCOUNTANCY
5. From the following information., prepare cost sheet.
Rs.
Direct material 1,60,000
Direct Labour 45,000
Direct Expenses 15,000
Factory overheads 35,000
Office and administration overheads 20% of works cost
Selling and distribution overheads 45,000
Opening stock of finished goods 25,000
Closing stock of finished goods 10,000
Profit on Sales 10%
ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS
Intext Questions 29.1
II. (i) Components (ii) Selling price
(iii) Historical (iv) estimated
(v) selling price (vi) Estimated
Intext Questions 29.2
I. Direct material + Direct wages + Direct expenses
II. (i) Classified, analysis (ii) basic, direct
(iii) Opening stock of material (iv) production
(v) work-in-progress.
Intext Questions 29.3
(i) Office cost (ii) cost of production
(iii) cost of Sales (iv) sales
(v) Total Cost or cost of sales.
Answers to Terminal Questions
3. Materials consumed Rs.1,24,000
4. Prime cost Rs.305,000
5. Sales Rs 4,07,000

What is this job like?		Back to Top

Accountants and auditors keep track of a company's money. The company's managers and people outside the company read their reports. Managers look at the accountants' reports to see how well their companies are doing. Governments use the reports to tell how much tax a company should pay. Some people read them to decide if they want to do business with the company. Others use them to decide if they want to lend money to the company or not.

Most accountants have a specialty. There are four main kinds of accountants.

Public accountants work for public accounting companies. They do accounting, auditing, tax, and consulting work. Some have their own businesses. They do many different kinds of accounting for people outside the company.

Management accountants keep track of the money spent and made by the companies for which they work.

Internal auditors make sure that a company's accounting records are right. They check the records to see that no one in the company is stealing. They also check to see that no one in the company is wasting the company's money.

Government accountants and auditors make sure that government accounting records are right. They also check the records of people doing business with the government.

Cost reconciliation is the part of a production report that shows what costs a department has to account for during a period and how those costs are accounted for.

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The accounting equation: assets = liabilities + owner equity ...www.quickmba.com/accounting/fin/equation/ - Similar

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